This episode's headline: The Speaker's View; Homesick on the Hudson; Defector's Goal; A Christmas Carol. The guests include In Washington: Rep. THOMAS P. O'NEILL.LD./Democrat, Massachusetts: In New York: MARINA KOVALYOV, Soviet Emigre; YURI TUVIM, Soviet Emigre; In San Francisco: DONALD McCULLUM, Superior Court Judge; REPORTS FROM NEWSHOUR CORRESPONDENTS: JUDITH SIMS (KTCA), in Minnesota; ROGER ROSENBLATT. Byline: In New York: ROBERT MacNEIL, Executive Editor; In Washington: JIM LEHRER, Associate Editor