After studying medicine with James Jackson, Holmes continued his medical education in Europe, beginning in the summer of 1833. He studied with some of France’s most famous physicians, including Marjolin, Roux, Velpeau, and Andral; this is Holmes’ notebook from the clinical lectures and demonstrations of Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis (1787-1872) at the Hôpital de la Pitié. In his letters home and recollections from this period, Holmes said, “I have more fully learned at least three principles since I have been in Paris: not to take authority when I can have facts; not to guess when I can know; not to think a man must take physic because he is sick …. Many a long and wearying hour I have passed on the stone floor of the autopsy-room at La Pitié, wasting my time over little points which, a few years later, would have been easily settled by the microscope …. As for the science of England and France, or rather Paris and London—to judge by their books and their students, and the reports of the intelligent young men who have seen both, the Frenchmen have half a century in advance.” Lecture notes by Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894) on the lectures of Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis
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